Humanities Chapter Study Guide free essay sample

What new technology followed agriculture in defining Mesopotamia? Metallurgy 2. Why did the arts develop in Mesopotamia? As celebrations of the priest-kings power 3. What were auguries most likely designed to resemble? A mountain 4. Why did visitors to the auguries often leave a statue representing themselves? To serve as prayer offerings to the Gods. 5. How did the Mesopotamia view human society? As part of a larger society 6. What was the Mesopotamia rulers role in religion? The act of Intermediary between Gods and human kinds. 7.Which of the following pairs correctly identifies the subjects illustrated on the Royal Standard of Our? War and Peace 8. What about the Royal Standard of our Illustrates social perspective or hierarchy of scale? The most Important figures are represented as larger than the others. 9. Why is the Royal Standard of Our such an important discovery? The importance of the Royal Standard of our is not simply as documentary evidence of Sumerian life, but as one of the earliest examples we have of historical narrative. We will write a custom essay sample on Humanities Chapter Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 10. Why Is the legend of Jargon I considered a rags to riches story? As a child abandoned at birth, he grows up to be king. . What did lost-wax casting enable the Mesopotamia sculptors to create? Larger and more lightweight bronze pieces. 12. Why did Mesopotamia scribes move from pictograms to the more linear cuneiform writing? Drawing lines in wet clay was easiest. 13. What distinguishes the Law Code of Hamburg from its predecessors? Its most complete. 14. What does Hamburgs code tell about the position of Mesopotamia women? They are Inferior to man and some level of slaves. 1 OFF Mesopotamia Justice? It made laws more uniform, objective, and impartial. 16. What distinguishes an epic from other literary forms?It describes a peoples common heritage 17. What classic struggle do Galoshes and Unkind represent? Nature versus civilization 18. Why is the Epic of Galoshes a first in known literary works? It is the first to confront the idea of death. 19. Which of the following differentiates the Hebrews from other Near Eastern cultures? They worship a single God. 20. What did the Hebrews believe their status as chosen people meant? WHINY 21 . Why do the Ten Commandments provide equal treatment for all classes of the Hebrews? The Hebrews had once themselves been slaves. 22. Why is King Salmons authorship of the Song of Solomon doubtful?The female protagonists voice is stronger than the mans. 23. What was the role of the Hebrew prophets in the era following Salmons death? To provide moral instruction according to the laws of the Torah. 24. What is the Persian Zoroaster greatest contribution to religious thought? The emphasis on free will. 25. As noted in the chapters Continuity and Change section, what most distinguishes Mesopotamia from Egypt? Egyptians are more stable and united. Be able to identify and know the origins of the following pieces of art: 26 The Sister Gate.

To Help Us With Our Study Of Origins, We Will Use Two Main Sources Th Essay Example For Students

To Help Us With Our Study Of Origins, We Will Use Two Main Sources: Th Essay e Bible ? as Gods direct revelation of life, and science ? a way to interpret the Bible using scientific knowledge. In his book Biology Through the Eyes of Faith, R.T. Wright (1989) states: It is an important conclusion of faith that both science and Scripture are sources of knowledge of Gods works and that, when properly understood, should not lead to conflicts. I agree with this statement, believing that God created the original species. I also uphold a belief that a series of natural processes lead to the formation of other species thereby increasing the diversity of life on earth. By carefully studying both science and Scripture, I believe that we will be able to find truth about Gods creation. We will write a custom essay on To Help Us With Our Study Of Origins, We Will Use Two Main Sources: Th specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Genesis 1 clearly states that God created heavens, earth, and their organisms. It doesnt indulge, however, in explanations of how or when God created them. As the result of that a variety of view appeared on how to interpret Genesis 1. Old-earth creationists believe that the Bible shouldnt be taken literally, referring to various problems associated with the order of creation and the obvious old age of the universe. They base their beliefs on various studies such as paleontology, astronomy, biology, genetics; and the list goes on. Young-earth creationists, on the other hand, believe that the Bible should be taken literally, telling a story of 24-hour day creation. Theistic evolutionists presume that God used evolution to create living species. However, biblical creationists argue that this could not be the case because the Bible says: For in six days the Lord made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them (Exodus 20:11), and He created species according to their kin d (Genesis 1:11,12,21,24,25). This paper will analyze the worldviews of young-earth creationists and old-earth creationists, pointing out that both the Bible and science can agree on the issue of origins of species, and reveal which worldview I agree with more. Exodus 20:11 says that God created the universe in six days. Many people, however, still wonder whether or not the modern scientific belief that the earth and universe have existed for billions of years can be harmonized with a literal interpretation of the Bible. Some Christians believe that the word day in Genesis doesnt mean a literal 24-hour day, but rather that a day is a long period of time. In Hebrew, where every word has three basic letters and vowel sounds are not included in a written language, the historical and literary time become a dominant factor in determining the meaning. Some commentaries have estimated that there may be as many as a hundred different meanings in the Bible for the word day. These include the non-literal interpretations implying periods or epochs (Zabilka, 1992). However, when the phrase evening and morning is coupled with a numbered modifier and the word day (yom), there is no stronger way of specifying a normal day (Bebber, 1995). Others maintain t hat morning and evening should also be taken figuratively. The Bible doesnt specifically state that day in Genesis 1 is a 24-hour day. No one, except God, can know for sure that Genesis is describing six earth rotations and not an unspecified period of billions of years. Another argument for old earth comes from the study of fossils. Many scientists believe that it took millions of years for the rock layers to form. They reason that many fossils seem to be more than 10,000 years old. Geologists today hold that the earth is approximately 4 to 5 billion years old. Others have found different explanations for the old age of the earth. According to a scientist Dalrymple (1991),The best value for the age of the earth is based on the time required for the isotopic composition of lead in the oldest (2.6-3.5 billion years) terrestrial ores, of which there are currently only four , to evolve from the primordial composition, recorded in meteoritic troilite, to the composition at the time (measured independently) the ores separated from their parent rocks in earths mantle. These calculations result in ages for the earth of 4.42 to 4.56 billion years with a best value of 4.54 billion years. Another group of Christians believes that the earth is not as old as is sometimes claimed. People in this group relate most of the geological strata and fossil beds to the Great Flood of Genesis (Zabilka, 1992). Sarfati, Ph.D. (1999) points,A cataclysmic globe-covering (and fossil forming) flood would have eroded huge quantities of sediment, and deposited them elsewhere. Many organisms would have been buried very quickly and fossilized. Also recent catastrophes show that violent events like the flood described in Genesis could form many rock layers very quickly. The Mount St. Helens eruption in Washington state produced 25 feet of finely layered sediment in a single afternoon!Those who believe that the earth is young also find theological difficulties in believing that the earth is billions years old. For example, they argue that the idea of old earth interferes with the concept of the origin of death, described in Genesis 2:16-17, 3:1-6 (cf. Romans 5:12, Corinthians 15:21-22). Death was the promised result of sin. It was also the means by which man would be restored to God. In contrast, old-earth creationism (Progressive Creationism and theistic evolutionism) teaches that death and bloodshed existed long before mans existence, contrary to the very message of the Gospel (Taylor, 1998). The Bible teaches that the death and suffering on the earth resulted from Adams sin. But theistic evolution teaches that God used struggle for survival and death, the ?last enemy (1st Cor. 15:25) as His means achieving a ?very good (Gen. 1:31) creation (Sarfati, 1999). Biblical creationists argue against this. .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d , .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .postImageUrl , .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d , .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d:hover , .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d:visited , .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d:active { border:0!important; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d:active , .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88b6a8679475357fea8adc644d10c62d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: As I Lay Dyings: The Dysfunctional Family As EssayIn my opinion, it is not so much important when God created living species but that He created them. When God created the earth with all of its organisms (whether or not He created them in six days), there were various scientific processes, which lead to a change in the original species thereby the formation of different species. I believe that God used a process of natural selection to produce a vast variety of species after He created the original ones. According to the concept of natural selection, a population of organisms can change over a period time as a result of individuals with certain heritable traits leaving more offspring than other individuals. The resulting increase in the proportion of reproductively successful individuals usually enhances the adaptation of the population to its environment. Natural selection thus tends to promote adaptation by maintaining favorable adaptations in a constant environment or improving adaptation in a direction appropriate to environmental changes (Campbell, 1999). Genesis 1 tells us that God created various kinds of organisms according to their kinds (Genesis 1:11, 12, 21,24, 25). All of these kinds were created with a vast amount of information, enough for their descendants to adopt to various changes in the environment (Sarfati, 1999). This explains the great variety of species that are alive today. Recently, I have been wondering if the earth really is old, and if God did in fact used evolution to create living species. A desire to find out the truth led me to extensively research evolution. Evolution refers to the processes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today. In his book The Origins of Species Darwin points to the evidence that species were not created in their present forms but had evolved from their ancestors. Darwin also proposes a mechanism for evolution ? natural selection ? a process described earlier (Campbell, 1999). According to the theory of evolution, non-living chemicals organized themselves into a self-reproducing organisms over billions of years. Evolution also tells us that mutations are the source of new genetic information in populations gene pool (Sarfati, 1999). There is a lot of evidence for evolution. Paleontologists have discovered many transitional forms that are said to link older fossils to modern species. A series of fossils have been said to show, for example, that whales evolved from terrestrial ancestors (Campbell,1999). The studies of comparative biology, comparative embryology, genetics, and other sciences also seem to point to evolution. For example, many species today share homologous structures: the forelimbs of all mammals have the same skeletal composition. Also, closely related organisms have similar stages in their development. Another important evidence for evolution is the common genetic code for all organisms (Campbell,1999). Despite all this evidence some scientists are still uncertain whether or not evolution took place. Some people today find major problems in the concept of evolution. There are many reasons why the theory of evolution is being questioned today. The criticism against evolution has come mainly from a lack of fossil evidence ? the absence of transitional forms. According to Wright (1989), one of the most extraordinary examples of discontinuity is the so-called Cambrian explosion, the appearance of representatives of all major marine invertebrate phyla in the earliest sedimentary fossil-bearing rock as well as a variety of other that have not left descendants. Wright also says that explanations offered for the lack of fossils prior to the Cambrian are to date not very satisfactory (Wright, 1989). Even theistic evolutionist Ivan Zabilka (1992) points that as much as 50 percent of all fossil finds are improperly located and can contribute little to evolutionary chronology. In recent years, however, there have been many discoveries, one of which was a discovery of Ediocarian geological pe riod (Precambrian). According to Stephen Jay Gould, evolutionist, (1998),the first phase of the Cambrian, called Manakayan and lasting from 543 to 530 million years ago, features primarily a confusing set of spines, plates, and other bits and pieces called (even in our technical literature) the SSF, or small shelly fossils. The next two phases of the Cambrian (called Tommotian and Atdabanian and ranging from 530 to about 520 million years ago) mark the strangest, most important, and most intriguing of all episodes in the fossil record of animalsthe short interval known as the Cambrian explosion and featuring the first appearance of all animal phyla with skeletons subject to easy preservation in the fossil record.From the information above we learn that the lack of fossil discoveries for the Precambrian period is explained by the jellylike structure of the species at that time, and for this reason few became fossilized. In 1998, scientists Shuhai Xiao, Yun Zhang, and Andrew H. Knoll discovered the oldest triploblastic animals, preserved as phosphatized embryos in rocks of southern China, which were estimated to be 570 million years of age (Gould, 1998). This discovery fills a major gap, which was earlier a great problem for paleontologists. .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f , .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .postImageUrl , .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f , .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f:hover , .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f:visited , .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f:active { border:0!important; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f:active , .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77c6717aa97608d6ca4d3ee97a5a441f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harriet Tubman EssayDespite this, numbers of people still find problems with evolution. Davis (1991), for example, points that when a scientist Behe examined the Journal of Molecular Evolution, he couldnt find even one article, which contained a detailed model by which a complex biochemical system might have been produced in a gradual Darwinian fashion. According to Behe, this lack of an explanation is a very strong indication that Darwinism is an inadequate framework for understanding the origin of complex biochemical systems (Davis, 1991). This observation again led me to question evolution. After extensive research on theistic evolutionism and biblical creationism, I have concluded that it seems to be evidence in favor of evolution, yet there is still some reasonable evidence against it. At this point, I believe that God could have used natural processes to create a diversity of species we have today. Based on the evidence, I believe there is a possibility that He used evolution to create some species. Throughout the Bible we can see that God created by His Word and wisdom. Second Peter 2:5, for example, states that long ago by Gods word the heavens existed and the earth was formed. Wright puts it in this way, creation by Gods Word is one image used throughout the Bible, and it indicates Gods absolute authority over creation. Creation by wisdom, another biblical image, speaks of purpose ? the fulfillment of Gods intentions toward thee development of the created order (Wright, 1989). Its easy to notice the emphasis of the author to the goodness of Gods creation. After creation the Bible says that when God looked at His creation he said, behold it very good (Genesis 1:31). This tells us that God takes pleasure in His creation. The Bible also points out that God sustains His creation. In conclusion, I can say that the Lord is the source for every life on earth. He created the earth and everything on it by His Word, and may have used evolution to do so. Im not yet decided on the issue of how God created species, but have eliminated the possibilities to natural process or evolution. BibliographyBebber, M.V. Is the Bible clear about the age of the earth and universe?1995: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 13 Oct. 1999. Available WWW: http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn- c002.html2) Campbell, R.M. Biology. 5th ed. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1999. 3) Dalrymple, G.B. So How Old Is the Earth, Anyway?, NCSE Reports, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Winter 1991), pp. 17. 4) Davis, E.B. Debating Darwin: The Intelligent Design Movement. Christian Century, 07/15/98, Vol. 115 Issue 20, p678, 4p. 5) Gould, S. J. On Embryos and Ancestors. Natural History, Jul/Aug98, Vol. 107 Issue 6, p20, 9p, 2 graphs, 4bw. 6) Sarfati, J.D. Refuting Evolution. Brisbane, Australia: Answers in Genesis, 1999. 7) Taylor, Paul. Is the age of the Earth a trivial doctrinal point?1998: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 13 Oct. 1999. Available WWW: http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-c026.html8) The Thompson Chain-Reference Study Bible. Indianapolis, IN: B.B. Kirkbride Bible Co., Inc., 1997. 9) Wright, R.T. Biology Through the Eyes of Faith. New York, NY: Christian College Coalition, 1989. 10) Zabilka, I.L. Scientific Malpractice: The Creation/Evolution Debate. Lexington, KY: Bristol Books, 1992.

Sample Scholarship Essay Topics For A Summer Term

Sample Scholarship Essay Topics For A Summer TermIt would be pretty challenging for you to write a good sample scholarship essay topics for example in the summer term. Summer term is very hectic and your concentration will be divided in doing several things simultaneously. However, you can still have some fun by choosing some sample scholarship essay topics.If you choose some sample topic in a particular month, you can come up with a project or something that you would like to do or make for yourself. I remember we used to do interesting research projects in school. In fact, research projects were a passion of mine and I am really glad that I finally managed to get into university in my second year in high school because I had the power to do what I wanted.There are hundreds of scholarship essay topics for example, which you can choose from. Even if you are not able to come up with your own topic on your own, you can ask someone else to write a paper for you. In fact, even if you are having a hard time coming up with a topic on your own, you can also turn to the internet for some tips. You can find hundreds of sample topics online.You should try and have some leisure time while writing the paper. This is the best way to pass the time because when you are working at the computer, you can not concentrate on anything else except to finish your work. So you will need some rest after work. There are so many sites on the internet that you can actually take a break and relax in front of the computer.Once you have chosen your topic, you should now go online and browse some web pages. There are some sites where you can do a general search which will bring up a list of some topics you can choose from. However, there are so many websites with sample essay topics that it would be difficult for you to choose just one. However, there are so many topics that you may just go to the first one you see or one that is closest to your choice.There are also other sites on the intern et where you can get some tips and resources for essay topics. They are mostly college teachers who are writing sample papers. But, there are also sites which you can look for free. These sites are more informative and helpful.The only thing that you need to remember is that you should not just get any sample scholarship essay topics. You need to know how to make your topic truly remarkable and unique so that you can stand out from the crowd.

Economic, Inflation Essays

Economic, Inflation Essays Economic, Inflation Essay Economic, Inflation Essay Economic, Inflation BY sakib4200 Assignment Inflation Submitted to: Zaved Mannan Senior Lecturer Department of Business Administration Submitted by: Debasis Roy Submitted On: ID: (120306038) 23rd November, 2013 sec: A Definition Too much money in circulation causes the money to lose value-this is the true meaning of inflation. The popular opinion about the costs of inflation is that inflation makes everyone worse off by reducing the purchasing power of incomes, eroding living standards and adding, in many ways, to lifes uncertainties. In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy ver a period of time. Inflation refers toa rise in prices that causes the purchasing power of a nation to fall. Inflation is a normal economic development as long as the annual percentage remains low; once the percentage rises over a pre-determined level, it is considered an inflation crisis. In another word Inflation means that your money wont buy as much today as you could yesterday. Definition of Inflation rate (consumer prices) This entry furnishes the annual percent change in consumer prices compared with the previous years consumer prices. The inflation rate is the percentage rate of hange of a price index over time. Effect on the economy An increase in the general level of prices implies a decrease in the purchasing power of the currency. That is, when the general level of prices rises, each monetary unit buys fewer goods and services. Increases in the price level (inflation) erode the real value of money (the functional currency) and other items with an underlying monetary nature (e. g. loans and bonds). For example if one takes a loan where the stated interest rate is 6% and the inflation rate is at 3%, the real interest rate that one are paying for the loan is 3%. It would also hold true that if one had a loan at a fixed interest rate of 6% and the inflation rate Jumped to 20%one would have a real interest rate of -14%. Negative Effect High or unpredictable inflation rates are regarded as harmful to an overall economy. They add inefficiencies in the market, and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term. Inflation can act as a drag on productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services in order to focus on profit and losses from currency inflation. Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of oney discourages investment and saving and inflation can impose hidden tax increases. In case of international trade, Higher inflation in one economy than another will cause the first economys exports to become more expensive and affect the balance of trade Positive Effect Positive effects include ensuring central banks can adjust nominal interest rates (intended to mitigate recessions), and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects. It puts impact on Labor-market adjustments, Room to maneuver, Mundell-Tobin effect, Instability with Deflation etc Causes behind inflation In developing countries, in contrast, inflation is not a purely monetary phenomenon, but is often linked with fiscal imbalances and deficiencies in sound internal economic policies. Beside, factors typically related to fiscal imbalances such as higher money growth and exchange rate depreciation arising from a balance of payments crisis dominate the inflation process in developing countries. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation. Most can be divided into two broad areas: 1 . Quality theories of inflation 2. Quantity theories of inflation. The quality theory of inflation rests on the expectation of a seller accepting currency to be able to exchange that currency at a later time for goods that are desirable as a The quantity theory of inflation rests on the quantity equation of money that relates the money supply, its velocity, and the nominal value of exchanges. Adam Smith and David Hume proposed a quantity theory of inflation for money, and a quality theory of inflation for production After analyzing two theories of causes we have got here some physical cause to face which cover both theories depending on a number of factors. These are given below- Excess of money Inflation can happen when governments print an excess of money to deal with a crisis. As a result, prices end up rising at an extremely high speed to keep up with the currency surplus. This is called the demand-pull, in which prices are forced upwards because of a high demand. Rise in production cost Another common cause of inflation is a rise in production costs, which leads to an increase in the price of the final product. For example, if raw materials increase in price, this leads to the cost of production increasing, which in turn leads to the ompany increasing prices to maintain steady profits? Rising labor costs can also lead to inflation. As workers demand wage increases, companies usually chose to pass on those costs to their customers. International lending national debt Inflation can also be caused by international lending and national debts. As nations borrow money, they have to deal with interests, which in the end cause prices to rise as a way of keeping up with their debts. A deep drop of the exchange rate can also result in inflation, as governments will have to deal with differences in the import/ export level. Government taxes Finally, inflation can be caused by federal taxes put on consumer products such as cigarettes or fuel. As the taxes rise, suppliers often pass on the burden to the consumer; the catch, however, is that once prices have increased, they rarely go back, even if the taxes are later reduced. War Wars are often cause for inflation, as governments must both recoup the money spent and repay the funds borrowed from the central bank. War often affects everything from international trading to labor costs to product demand, so in the end it always produces a rise in prices. Lists of Inflation Rate from 1998-2011 Country 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Bangladesh 9 5. 8 3. 1 5. 6 6 7 7. 2 9. 1 8. 9 5. 4 8. 1 10. 7 Graph of Inflation Rate in Bangladesh Historical Trend Analysis The government introduced policy and institutional reforms encompassing the fiscal, financial, exchange rate, trade and industry, public resource management and public enterprise sectors. But some of those measures were not strongly pursued and some of the intended structural reforms were postponed. Monetary control in the initial years had a positive impact on the control of inflation. The regarded decision are aken below- To increase investible funds with the banks, the minimum cash reserve requirement and statutory liquidity requirement were reduced gradually from 8 and 23 percent respectively on 25 April 1991 to 5 and 20 per cent respectively. This decision has reduced the inflation rate. In 1991 the lending rate was 14. 99 which was high during 1992 but then it started to be reduced at 14. 39 (1993) and 12. 22 at 1995. With the flexible use of the monetary instruments, broad money growth (Money Supply) was brought down from high rates of growth (14. percent) in the mid-1992to 10. per thinking to increase the money supply which was brought to 16 percent for that reason inflation rate increased. In the year 1995 government was thinking to increase the total domestic credit which was brought to 17. 6 percent from 4. 9 percent (1994). For this reason the inflation rate increased. In the year 1995 government liberalized Credit to the private sectors in fiscal year19 95 by reducing lending rates including those in the three selected sectors of agriculture, exports, and small and cottage Industries had to be restrained due to the rise in price levels. For this reason inflation rate has increased With a view to ensuring an adequate flow of finance to productive sectors and to boosting economic activity, Bank rate was gradually lowered from 9. 8 per cent on30 June 1990 to 5. 5 per cent on 3 March 1994 to control the inflation rate. On 24 March 1994 Bangladesh accepted the Article VIII obligations of the International Monetary Fund, a commitment to declare its currency convertible for current account transactions and liberalize exchange transactions on current account. Foreign exchange controls, which had constrained transactions for a ongtime, were lifted for the majority of current account transactions. An interbank foreign exchange market has been established. The exchange rate policy is being managed flexibly so as to avoid appreciation of the real exchange rate and to maintain macroeconomic stability. Moderate economic growth and modest change in the wage index contributed to the relatively low rate of inflation (i. e. , lower than 5 per cent) in 1990-1994. Higher money supply growth and lower deposit rate in FY95 contributed to the comparatively higher inflation rates in 1995. In 1996 the lending rate was 13. 1 which were accelerated to 14. 16 in 1999. Supply shortages in the rural areas originating from political instability in FY96 and disruption due to floods in 1998 caused serious shortfall of food and also hampered all other agricultural production, which ultimately caused higher inflation rates in1996, 1998 1999. A lower growth rate, because of lower production and relatively higher depreciation of the exchange rate due to food imports, also contributed to the higher inflation rate in the flood affected years. Larger depreciation of the exchange rate has accelerated the inflation rate 2. 79(2002) to 4. (2004). Exchange rate might have played a significant role in causing inflation in 2005-2006 because of the introduction of flexible exchange rate regime since May 2003. A higher growth of money supply (13. 84 at 2004 to 19. 51 at 2006) added a lot to inflation in 2005-2006. In 2001 the lending rate was 13. 75 which were lowered to 10. 93 in 2005. In 2001-2006 high inflation in food (more than 5 percent) sector at international market was so much responsible for the fluctuation of inflation. Typically import occupies a significant place in the Bangladesh economy, accounting for as high as above 20 ercent or more of GDP in FY06. At the margin, most of the essential food items (for example, sugar, rice, wheat, onion and edible oil) and, more generally, machineries, intermediate goods and raw materials used in production are imported. Cost of imports can, therefore, be expected to have a substantial influence on domestic inflation (during 2001-2006) directly (through final goods) or indirectly (through intermediate goods). Unfair cartel among the suppliers might seriously hamper the course of the economy by engendering inflation via the creation of a false supply vent allegedly occurred in FY06 when the food inflation remained high (7. 6 percent) in the same fiscal year despite the growth in food production (4. 49 percent8 vis-? ¤-vis 2. 21 percent in FY05). Monopolistic control of several food items such as sugar, onion, pulses and edible oil by market syndication seems to have led this situation. 90bviously such manipulation is a type of supply side disturbance. Inflation has emerged as a global phenomenon in recent months largely reflecting the impact of higher food (The IMF food price index was 44. 4 percent at June 2008)and fuel prices nd strong demand conditions especially in the emerging economies. In line with global trends, Bangladesh also experienced rising inflation with the 12-month average CPI inflation touching 9. 94 percent in June 2008. In the fiscal year 2009, global oil price has shifted upward dramatically so fast. So that the price of fuel power has driven very sharp impact on our economy by increasing the price of Industrial product and reduces the output of industry. Though our government has taken needed initiatives to minimize the inflation rate but they have failed up to the expectation. In the fiscal year 2010, global food price has shifted upward dramatically so fast . So that the price of food has driven very sharp impact on our economy. Though the inflation has decreased to a reasonable rate (5. 4 percent), the price of food is beyond to the normal people. Because of the insufficiency of credit to productive sectors it is unable to invest money in productive sectors whereas the money are using in less productive sectors which causes a high rate of inflation. Limitations of Economic system The quarterly data on budget deficit and government expenditures are not available, hich hinders the analysis on the supply side determinants of inflation. The wage rate is not considered here because of the developing country nature, Labor is assumed to be abundant. The key findings: Inflation in Bangladesh can be explained by money supply growth as money supply has statistically significant power of forecasting the movement in CPI. It might be channeled through either the effects of money supply on GDP or the effects of money supply on exchange rates. The deposit rate of interest is a relatively weak determinant of fluctuations in inflation in Bangladesh, whereas deposit rate of interest is a moderately strong determinant of nominal exchange rate, but only in the short run. Money supply is a moderate determinant of fluctuation in real output, at the same time; money supply is a moderately strong determinant of fluctuation in nominal exchange rate in Bangladesh during the period FY90-FYIO. Conclusion These results have important policy implications for both domestic policy makers and the development partners. First, taking into consideration that the inflation rate is not power and an increase in the cost of living. Second, given that the country frequently as to balance the credit requirements by the private and public sector against both inflationary and balance of payments pressures, it is not always possible for the monetary authority to increase (or adjust) the nominal interest rate above the expected (or actual) inflation rate through contractionary monetary policy 1 1 . In this regard, the monetary authority can think of an alternative way by working on the expectations channel to reduce inflation. This requires credibility of the monetary authority in following through its monetary program as communicated in advance to the stakeholders. References Abel, Andrew; Bernanke, Ben (2005). Macroeconomics (5th ed. ). Pearson Barro, Robert J. (1997). Macroeconomics. cambridge, Mass: MIT press. p. 895. ISBN 0-262-02436-5 Blanchard, Olivier (2000). Macroeconomics (2nd ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-013306-X Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). Macroeconomics (5th ed. ). worth Hall, Robert E. ; Taylor, John B. (1993). Macroeconomics. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 637. ISBN 0-393-96307-1 surda, Michael C. ; wyplosz, Charles (1997). Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-877468-0

Build a Better House - With Dirt

Build a Better House - With Dirt Tomorrows homes may be made of glass and steel- or they may resemble the shelters built by our prehistoric ancestors. Architects and engineers are taking a new look at ancient building techniques, including building with earth products. Imagine a magical building material. Its cheap, perhaps even free. Its plentiful everywhere, worldwide. Its strong enough to hold up under extreme weather conditions. Its inexpensive to heat and cool. And its so easy to use that workers can learn the necessary skills in a few hours. This miraculous substance isnt only cheap as dirt, it is dirt, and its winning new respect from architects, engineers, and designers. One look at the Great Wall of China will tell you how durable earthen construction can be. And, concerns for the environment and energy conservation make ordinary dirt look downright appealing. What does an earth house look like? Perhaps it will resemble the 400-year-old Taos Pueblo. Or, tomorrows earth homes may take on surprising new forms. Types of Earth Construction An earth house can be made in a variety of ways: AdobeRammed EarthCob (mud with straw)Compressed Earth BlocksStraw Bale (not really earth, but very organic) Or, the house may be made with concrete but earth sheltered underground . Learning the Craft How many people live or work in buildings constructed of earth? The folks at eartharchitecture.org estimate that 50% of the worlds population spend much of their time in earthen architecture. In a global market economy, its time that more developed nations take note of this statistic. Traditional adobe homes in the American Southwest have wooden beams and flat roofs, but Simone Swan and her students at the Adobe Alliance have discovered the African mode of construction, with arches and domes. The result? Beautiful, ultra-strong, and energy-efficient homes, echoing the adobe domes built along the Nile centuries ago and being built today like earth igloos in places like Namibie and Ghana in Africa. No one can argue with the environmental benefits of using mud and straw. But the ecological building movement does have critics. In an interview with The Independent, Patrick Hannay, from the Welsh School of Architecture, attacked the straw bale structures at the Centre for Alternative Technology in Wales. There would appear to be little aesthetic leadership here, Hannay said. But, you be the judge. Does responsible architecture have to be unsightly? Can a cob, straw bale, or earth sheltered home be attractive and comfortable? Would you like to live in one? Designing a More Beautiful Mud Hut The African earth igloos, however, come with a stigma. Because of primitive construction methods, mud huts have been associated with housing for the poor, even if building with mud is a proven architecture. The Nka Foundation is trying to change the mud hut image with an international competition. Nka, an African word for artistry, challenges designers to give these ancient building practices a modern aesthetic that is missing. The challenge outlined by the Nka Foundation is this: The challenge is to design a single-family unit of about 30 x 40 feet on a plot of 60 x 60 feet to be built by maximum use of earth and local labor in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The client of your design is the middle-income family in any township of your choice in the Ashanti Region. Total costs of constructing the design entry must not exceed $6,000; land value is excluded from this price point. The entry should serve as an example to the local people that mud architecture can be beautiful and durable. The need for this competition tells us several things: How something is built can have little to do with aesthetics. A home can be well-made but ugly.Attaining status through architecture is nothing new; creating an image transcends socio-economic class. Design and construction materials, the essential tools of architecture, have the power to make or break stigma. Architecture has a long history of design principles that often get lost through the years. Roman architect Vitruvius set a standard with 3 Rules of Architecture- Firmness, Commodity, and Delight. Heres hoping that earth igloo construction will rise to the level of being built with more beauty and delight. Learn More: Winners of the Mud House Design 2014 CompetitionTour a village of earth-walled homes in Loreto Bay, MexicoAdobe Mud: Building With Earth by Catherine Wanek, Mother Earth News, June/July 2009Earth Architecture by Ronald Rael, Princeton Architectural Press, 2010Earth Architecture in Iran: Earth Buildings, Mud Architecture, Sustainable Architecture, Rammed Earth, Mud Bricks by Hamed Niroumand, LAP, 2011Adobe and Rammed Earth Buildings: Design and Construction by Paul Graham McHenry, Jr., University of Arizona Press, 1989 Sources: Architecture: A house made of straw by Nonie Niesewand, The Independent, May 24, 1999; eartharchitecture.org; 2014 Mud House Design Competition [accessed June 6, 2015]

Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis paper - Essay Example that is taken care of or is valued even if taking care of it costs the caretaker important things in his/her life; in this case, the relationship between the American and the girl. This is evident from the confession of the American to the girl he has made in this sentence, â€Å"That’s the only thing that bothers us. It’s the only thing that’s made us unhappy† (Hemingway). It is apparent from the dialogue between the two that while the American is not directly telling the girl to undergo abortion, he is indirectly pushing her into this act by constantly suggesting that a lot of people go through the operation and it does not cause any harm. On the other hand, the girl seems to be reluctant to contemplate the operation. This is suggestive of a liking for the unborn baby by the girl and a dislike by the American. Similarly, while the girl can see the mountains as white elephants and appreciate their beauty, the American does not seem to relate to the white mountains in any way as he says, â€Å"I’ve never seen one† (Hemingway). The girl says to the American, â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have† (Hemingway). This attitude is typical of girls. When a man does not seem to understand or approve of something that is of huge significance to women, women say that the men cannot understand because only a woman can understand the importance of that thing. For example, it takes becoming a mother to understand the warmth and passion with which a mother loves her child; a man can never understand this love because he can never become a mother. In response to this, the American says, â€Å"I might have†¦Just because you say I wouldn’t have doesn’t prove anything† (Hemingway). Now this is an attitude typical of men. They are too egoistic to give up even if they actually don’t know about something. The girl has a number of reasons to want the baby just like the American has them to not want the baby. The American does not want the child probably because it takes a lot of

Discovery of electrons(J,J Thomson) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discovery of electrons(J,J Thomson) - Essay Example Cathode rays were an enigma during the late 1800s. Many Europeans thought that the rays emitted at the cathode in the discharge tube were an ethereal disturbance, like light. Crookes proposed in 1879, that the cathode rays were radiant matter or negatively charged particles that were attracted to the anode and repelled from the cathode (Cambridge Physics, 2015). In Germany, Hertz conducted an experiment where he observed that the rays discharged could pass through very thin gold sheets. He also conducted another experiment to find out the impact of electric fields on the rays and wrongly concluded that the rays were not deflected by the electric fields. In 1897, J.J Thomson repeated Hertz’s experiment (Cambridge Physics, 2015). The difference between J.J Thomson’s experiment and Hertz’s experiment was that J.J Thomson conducted his experiment in a vacuum tube. Hertz had too much gas in his discharge tube and the gas had become ionized by the electric field. The positive ions were attracted to the negative plate and the negative ions were attracted to the positive plate. This reduced the net charge on the plates and the strength of the field was not enough to deflect the cathode rays. J.J Thomson repeated the experiment and when he passed the cathode rays through the electric field in a vacuum, deflection occurred. The fact that the cathode rays moved towards the positively charged plate allowed him to conclude that the rays must be negatively charged. After this, J.J Thomson used two coils of wire known as the Helmholtz pair to produce a uniform magnetic field. Any beam of charged particles when passed through the magnetic field produced by the Helmholtz pair will be bent at 90 degree angle to the field into a complete circle Using this concept, J.J Thomson positioned the coils to cause a deflection in the opposite direction to that produced by the electric field. To balance the forces